U. S. Supreme Court Justices who were
Freemasons
by
Paul M. Bessel
Introduction
From 1789 to the present, there have been 108 Justices of the
United States Supreme Court. Depending on which source is consulted, 34, 36, 38,
or 40 of them have been Freemasons. This means about one-third of the Supreme
Court Justices were Masons, a far larger proportion than in the general
population.
This might be just an interesting statistic, if they were
Masons in name only, and some probably were. However, it appears that several
were Masters of their Lodges, and some were Grand Masters of their Grand Lodges.
Undoubtedly, then, the philosophy and spirit of Freemasonry had some effect on
them, as well as the other Masons on the Supreme Court. This, in turn, may mean
that to some extent the decisions of the Supreme Court, which have had so much
of an impact on the lives of all Americans, reflect some of the teachings of
Freemasonry.
Supreme Court Justices Who Were Freemasons
Two Supreme Court Justices were
Grand Masters of Virginia. John Blair, Jr., was a Justice of the United States
Supreme Court from 1789 to 1796. Previously he was Grand Master of Virginia from
1778 to 1784. John Marshall, the greatest Chief Justice of the United States,
was in that position from 1801 to 1835. He was also Grand Master of Virginia,
from 1793-1795.
Another Chief Justice who had a
great impact on our country, Earl Warren, served from 1953 to 1969. He was Grand
Master of California 1935 to 1936. He was also Potentate of Aahmes Shrine, and a
33 Scottish Rite Mason and an officer in two of the Scottish Rite bodies, in
Oakland, California.
William H. Taft became a Mason
"at sight" in 1909, while he was President of the United States and before he
became Chief Justice. Although he did not become a Mason in the traditional way,
it is reported that he made many visits to Lodge meetings, participated in
Masonic ceremonies, and attended meetings of the George Washington Masonic
National Memorial Association.
Robert Trimble, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
from 1826 to 1828, was Master of his lodge, Union #16 in Paris, Kentucky. Henry
Baldwin, Associate Justice from 1830 to 1844, was Master of Lodge #45 in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1805. Joseph R. Lamar, Associate Justice from 1910
to 1916, was Senior Warden of Webb Lodge #166 in Augusta, Georgia, in 1885, but
apparently did not become Master of the Lodge.
Many of the Supreme Court Justices who were Freemasons also
were members of their local Royal Arch Chapters, Cryptic or Royal and Select
Master Councils, Knight Templar Commanderies, Scottish Rite bodies, Shrines, and
Grottoes.
Stanley Matthews, Associate Justice from 1881-1889, became a
Mason in 1847, but dimitted in 1856, long before he served on the Supreme Court.
William R. Denslow's book, 10,000 Famous Freemasons,
identifies a total of 38 Supreme Court Justices who were Masons, often giving
their lodges and the dates of their degrees. Allen E. Roberts' book, Masonic
Trivia and Facts, says that Ronald E. Heaton compiled a list of 39 Supreme
Court Justices who were Freemasons, and a 1940s study in the possession of MSA
lists 34. Some of these sources list as Masons those who are not listed by
others. If we rely on any of these sources for our list of Supreme Court
Justices who were Freemasons, we get a total of 40.
The following chart lists the Supreme Court Justices who are
identified by one or more sources as having been Freemasons. The first column
shows the chronological order in which that Justice joined the Supreme Court.
The numbers not listed are for Supreme Court Justices who are not indicated by
any source as having been Freemasons.
|
# |
Name |
|
Dates |
Note |
|
1 |
John Jay |
Chief Justice |
1789-1795 |
1 |
|
2 |
John Rutledge |
Chief Justice |
1789-1791, 1795 |
2 |
|
3 |
William Cushing |
|
1789-1810 |
3 |
|
5 |
John Blair, Jr. |
|
1789-1796 |
|
|
8 |
William Paterson |
|
1793-1806 |
|
|
10 |
Oliver Ellsworth |
Chief Justice |
1796-1800 |
|
|
13 |
John Marshall |
Chief Justice |
1801-1835 |
|
|
16 |
Thomas Todd |
|
1807-1826 |
|
|
18 |
Joseph Story |
|
1811-1845 |
4 |
|
20 |
Robert Trimble |
|
1826-1828 |
|
|
21 |
John McLean |
|
1829-1861 |
5 |
|
22 |
Henry Baldwin |
|
1830-1844 |
|
|
26 |
John Catron |
|
1837-1865 |
|
|
29 |
Samuel Nelson |
|
1845-1872 |
|
|
30 |
Levi Woodbury |
|
1845-1851 |
6 |
|
35 |
Noah H. Swayne |
|
1862-1881 |
|
|
37 |
David Davis |
|
1862-1877 |
7 |
|
38 |
Stephen J. Field |
|
1863-1897 |
|
|
44 |
John M. Harlan |
|
1877-1911 |
|
|
45 |
William B. Woods |
|
1880-1887 |
|
|
46 |
Stanley Matthews |
|
1881-1889 |
|
|
48 |
Samuel Blatchford |
|
1882-1893 |
|
|
60 |
William H. Moody |
|
1906-1910 |
|
|
63 |
Willis Van Devanter |
|
1910-1937 |
|
|
64 |
Joseph R. Lamar |
|
1910-1916 |
|
|
65 |
Mahlon Pitney |
|
1912-1922 |
8 |
|
68 |
John H. Clarke |
|
1916-1922 |
|
|
69 |
William H. Taft |
Chief Justice |
1921-1930 |
|
|
76 |
Hugo L. Black |
|
1937-1971 |
|
|
77 |
Stanley F. Reed |
|
1938-1957 |
|
|
79 |
William O. Douglas |
|
1939-1975 |
|
|
81 |
James F. Byrnes |
|
1941-1942 |
|
|
82 |
Robert H. Jackson |
|
1941-1954 |
|
|
83 |
Wiley B. Rutledge |
|
1943-1949 |
|
|
84 |
Harold H. Burton |
|
1945-1958 |
|
|
85 |
Fred M. Vinson |
Chief Justice |
1946-1953 |
|
|
86 |
Tom C. Clark |
|
1949-1967 |
|
|
87 |
Sherman Minton |
|
1949-1956 |
|
|
88 |
Earl Warren |
Chief Justice |
1953-1969 |
|
|
92 |
Potter C. Stewart |
|
1958-1981 |
|
|
96 |
Thurgood Marshall |
|
1967-1991 |
9 |
Notes:
1 10,000 Famous Freemasons quotes evidence that Jay
was a Freemason, but says there is no proof. The MSA 1940s study also indicates
Jay was a Mason, but says it has not yet been discovered in which lodge.
2 Rutledge became Chief Justice while the Senate was not in
session, and when they reconvened he was rejected. Still, he did serve for a
time in that position. Masonic Trivia and Facts and The MSA 1940s study
say he was a Mason, without identifying his lodge, but 10,000 Famous
Freemasons does not list him.
3 Cushing is listed in 10,000 Famous Freemason as having been
a member of St. Andrew's Lodge in Boston. He was offered the post of Chief
Justice but chose instead to continue as an Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court.
4 Story is listed as a member of Philanthropic Lodge in
Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 10,000 Famous Freemasons and the MSA
1940s study, but not in Masonic Trivia and Facts.
5 McLean is listed in 10,000 Famous Freemasons as
having been a member of Columbus Lodge #30 in Columbus, Ohio, but he is not
listed in Masonic Trivia and Facts or in the The MSA 1940s study.
6 Woodbury is listed as a Mason in Masonic Trivia and
Facts, but is not listed in 10,000 Famous Freemasons or in the MSA
1940s study.
7 Davis, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln's, is listed in
10,000 Famous Freemasons as having been buried with Masonic ceremonies
in Bloomington, Illinois. He is not listed in the other sources as having been a
Freemason.
8 Pitney is listed in the MSA 1940s study as having been a
member of Cincinnati Lodge #3 in Morristown, New Jersey, but he is not listed in
10,000 Famous Freemasons or in Masonic Trivia and Facts.
9 Thurgood Marshall is listed in 10,000 Famous Freemasons
as having been a director and counselor or the Prince Hall Grand Master
Conference, and a 33 Scottish Rite Mason.
Percentage of Supreme Court Justices Who Were Freemasons
The number of members of the Supreme Court has varied through
the years, and, of course, the number of Supreme Court Justices who were Masons
has also varied.
At almost all times from the first appointment to the Supreme
Court, there was at least one Mason on the Court, the percentage usually was
between ½ and . From 1949 to 1954, the highest percentage of Freemasons on the
Supreme Court was reached, with 89% or 8 out of 9. From 1992 to the present, we
have for the first time reached the lowest percentage, as there is not a single
Mason among the members of the Supreme Court.
Significance of This Information
Sometimes we hear or read comments by Masons about "how
wonderful" it is that certain important people were Freemasons, or even that
Masonry made these individuals great when there is no evidence of Freemasonry
having had any impact on them. In the past and in the present, some Masons are
very interested in the lessons and meaning of Freemasonry while others simply
join, for various reasons, but do not study or learn anything from the Craft.
It is reasonable to assume that those who became Masters or
Grand Masters, and who joined other Masonic bodies, were serious about
Freemasonry and that the lessons of Masonry had some impact on their lives,
their thinking, and their work.
There are some who would read decisions of the United States
Supreme Court and see some Masonic influence in them, while others would say
this is coincidental or does not exist at all. Perhaps those who have written
judicial decisions about the equality of all people, the right of every human
being to be treated with dignity, the importance of freedom of speech, religion,
and thought, and fair and due process, were influenced directly or indirectly by
those ideals in Freemasonry. However, it should be noted that some of the
strongest Court decisions on these subjects have been written by non-Masons, or
at times when there was a small percentage of Masons on the Court.
What is more likely is that the ideals of Freemasonry and the
ideals of the United States at basically the same, and those who are involved in
either develop similar ideas and principles. In some ways the United States was
the first and only country that was created to promote ideals of human progress,
justice, liberty, democracy, and equality. These ideals were developed and
promoted by great thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the 18th
century, the same time and often the same people who were involved in the
development of Freemasonry. That is probably the most important connection
between Freemasonry and the Supreme Court, the United States, and human
progress.
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